Terms

Actor – either human or mechanical (software module, hardware unit, application, etc.) role player in requirements specification for a System design

Automated Speech Recognition (ASR) - interdisciplinary subfield of computer science and computational linguistics that develops methodologies and technologies that enable the recognition and translation of spoken language into text by computers (Wikipedia)

Acceptance Criteria (AC) – a list of statements that are true, if a feature of the system defined in a US is implemented correctly.

Clause – a verb phrase with finite head verb

Communication- the transmission of information. 

Conversation - interactive communication between two or more people.

Connective – a lexeme that links lexemes, phrases, and clauses into [coherent] speech.  The conjunctions (շաղկապներ) and relational lexemes (relative pronouns, adverbs, and adjectives). Conjunctions specifically facilitate inferential, logical, and causal connections.

Data View – data extract from one or more underlying data sources through a predefined query. It allows the users to interact with the extracted data as if it were a separate data repository.

Discourse - a generalization of the notion of a conversation to any form of communication. It is a "sequence of written or oral utterances, arranged into a coherent whole" (Zufferey & Moeschler 2012: 143). See our definition of Խոսույթ in Եզրույթներ.

Grammar  - there are several types of grammar: 1) Descriptive, 2) Pedagogical, 3) Pres­crip­tive, 4) Reference, 5) Theoretical, 6) Traditional [Cry2010::92]. In this context by grammar we understand Theoretical grammar: a set of rules to produce (and parse) speech units from the al­rea­dy produced. Natural languages typically described by 2 theoretical grammars: 1) mor­pho­lo­gy, that produces lexemes from morphemes and lexemes, and 2) syntax, that produces phrases from lexemes and phrases.

Information - amount of news encoded in a message - verbal or other. It is a relative quantity: it is inversely proportional to the receiver's anticipation (probability) of getting a known (recognizable) code in the particular position in the message. If I tell that «եւ-ը վերջածանց է» to someone, who does not understand Armenian, then the amount of information transmitted by the message will be 0, because no code is known. For a lay person, who knows Armenian, the message has much more information, then for a linguist. Ellipses in the discourse occur when the speaker is sure that the probability of the omitted phrase recovery is 1, hence, carries no information for the listener.

International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) - an alphabetic system of phonetic notation based primarily on the Latin script. It was devised by the International Phonetic Association in the late 19th century as a standard written representation for the sounds of speech (Wikipedia).

Lemma – lexeme dictionary form

Lemmatization – extraction or recreation of lemma from the text form

NoSQL database - or "Not Only SQL" database, is a non-relational database designed to handle unstructured or semi-structured data. Other database types are: relational normalized, relational denormalized (warehouse), hierarchical (file system), etc.

Lexeme – a combination of morphemes that have [ontological, logical] meaning and can be as­signed a syntactic role: subject, predicate, object, etc. that is structured according to gram­ma­ti­cal rules – morphology. Traditionally – word. The borderline between lexeme and phrase is blur­ry, for example, in case of conjunctions and numerals.

Meta-grammar - a language for generating grammars. Meta-grammar is a system that defines patterns or rules for generating grammars. In the context of natural languages meta-grammar is a grammar for producing natural language grammars. The relation of meta-grammar to natural language grammar is similar to the relation of natural language grammar to speech. Natural language (grammar) produces natural speech, meta-grammar produces natural language grammar.

Morpheme – a language unit serving a morphological function, such as stem, suffix, or particle.

Optical Character Recognition (OCR) - electronic or mechanical conversion of images of typed, handwritten or printed text into machine-encoded text, whether from a scanned document, a photo of a document (Wikipedia).

Parser – analysis (breakdown) of a message (natural language text, programming language source code) and transformation into a structured format. It involves breaking down the input into its constituent parts according to predefined rules or grammar. We assume that the “language organ” in human brain parses natural speech into tree-like structure before passing it to other layers for storage and analysis. Computer programming language parsers also parse the source code into a tree like structure before passing it to other modules for linearizing it into a sequence of commands

Phrase - a grammatically structured combination of lexemes.

Portable document format (PDF) - standardized as ISO 32000, is a file format developed by Adobe in 1992 to present documents, including text formatting and images, in a manner independent of application software, hardware, and operating systems (Wikipedia)

Relational database - a type of database that organizes data into one or more tables (or "relations") with rows and columns, establishing relationships between the data points. Columns represent relation types, while each row contains a set of data points or instances that are related to each other.

Sentence – a structure comprising subject noun phrases and clauses, aligned by person and number; may involve multiple subjects and clauses joined by connectives..

Signature – a contextual specification for a linguistic unit, denoted by the types of units it relates to in deep structure. For example, <P₁>C<P₂> for a conjunction C joining phrase types P₁ and P₂; or for verb the signature <nomNP>V<datNP> means that the verb V connects no­mi­na­tive Subject with dative Object (see [Հայ2022::284-288] for verb signatures).

Speech Act - definition and classification.

Structured Query Language (SQL) -  standard language for interacting with relational databases

System – product, service, organization that is being developed.

Tagger - in corpus linguistics, part-of-speech tagging (POS tagging, PoS tagging, or POST), also called grammatical tagging, is the process of marking up a word in a text (corpus) as corresponding to a particular part of speech, based on both its definition and its context. A simplified form of this is commonly taught to school-age children, in the identification of words as nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, etc. (Wikipedia) [Note. This is written from an analytical language grammar perspective. Instead of part-of-speech the paradigmatic form should be used and taught to school-age children.]

Verb phrase – a phrase with a head verb, potentially including adverbial or case-marked NP complements.

User Story - standardized narrative format for describing system features from the end-user perspective. It specifies “who wants to achieve what” – User Story phrase, and Acceptance

Use Case - structured description of the System behavior as responses to a sequence of the Actor’s requests for achieving a tangible goal.

Universal grammar - the set of common features of natural language abilities. "Universal" means the set of common parts found in all grammars. It implies a commonality of parts, while meta-grammar implies principles of construction.

Utterance – “any stretch of talk, by one person, before and after which there is silence on the part of the person” [Har1951::14].