The Logic of Discourse

Copular verbs

• “What are copular verbs?”Proofed. 2022. “What Are Copular Verbs?” Proofed Writing Tips (blog). 22 April 2022.​

• Mikkelsen, Line. 2011. “Copular Clauses.” In Semantics: An International Handbook of Natural Language Meaning, vol. 2, edited by Klaus von Heusinger, Claudia Maienborn, and Paul Portner, 1805–1829. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.​ PDF (author version)​

• Maienborn, Claudia. 1999. “Stage Levels, States, and the Semantics of the Copula.” ZAS Papers in Linguistics 14: 65–91. https://doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.14.​

• Pustet, Regina. 2003. “Copulas in Cross‑Linguistic Perspective.” Chapter 2 of Copulas: Universals in the Categorization of the Lexicon, 19–74. Oxford: Oxford University Press.​Publisher page (book)​

• Hoekstra, Jarich. 2023. “From Naming Verb to Copula: The Case of Wangerooge Frisian Heit.” Journal of Germanic Linguistics 35(2): 97–147.​

The Verb to Have

• Karimjonova, Sh., & Usmonova, D. 2021. “The Causative Verb to Have in Modern English.” International Journal of Humanities and Applied Sciences 7(4): 41–45 (exact pages may vary slightly in different PDFs).​

• Viberg, Åke. 2010. “Basic Verbs of Possession: A Contrastive and Typological Study.” CogniTextes 4.​ Full text: https://journals.openedition.org/cognitextes/308

Paraconsistent, Dialetheic logic

• Priest, Graham, Francesco Berto, and Zach Weber, "Dialetheism", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2024 Edition), Edward N. Zalta & Uri Nodelman (eds.), URL = <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2024/entries/dialetheism/>.

• G.Priest. The Logic of Paradox. Journal of Philosophical Logic, 1979, 8 (1) 219–241.

• Jakl, T., 2025. Four imprints of Belnap's useful four-valued logic in computer science. arXiv preprint arXiv:2503.20679.

• Neil Tennant. GP’s LP. Department of Philosophy. The Ohio State University

  Columbus, November 8, 2018

• Aliosha Bielenberg. Dialetheism and Logicism. 13 May 2017.

• Four-valued logic

• Many-valued logic

Vagueness in Quantity

• Solt, Stephanie. 2014. “Vagueness in Quantity: Two Case Studies from a Linguistic Perspective.” In The Cambridge Handbook of Formal Semantics, edited by Maria Aloni and Paul Dekker, 85–114. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.​

• Tessler, Michael Henry, and Noah D. Goodman. 2019. “Probabilistic Pragmatics Explains Gradience and Focality in Natural Language Quantification.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 116(10): 4755–4760.​

• Krifka, Manfred, and Hana Teichert. 2019. “Interpretation of Approximate Numerical Expressions: Computational Model and Empirical Study.” Journal of Pragmatics 148: 1–21.​

• Andone, Corina. 2022. “On Numerical Arguments in Policymaking.” Informal Logic 42(4): 509–540.​

Liar Paradox

• Beall, Jc, et al. 2018. “Liar Paradox.” In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2018 ed.), edited by Edward N. Zalta.URL: https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2018/entries/liar-paradox/​

• Löwe, Benedikt, and Thomas Müller. 2008. “Self‑Reference and Paradox.” In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by Edward N. Zalta.URL: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/self-reference/​

• Armour‑Garb, Bradley. 2025. “Liar Paradox.” Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.URL: https://iep.utm.edu/liar-paradox/​

• Poundstone, William. 1988. Labyrinths of Reason: Paradox, Puzzles, and the Frailty of Knowledge. New York: Doubleday.(General book page:) https://archive.org/details/labyrinthsofreas00poun (might have taken down)​

• Burge, Tyler. 1979. “Semantical Paradox.” Journal of Philosophy 76(4): 169–198.PDF: https://philosophy.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Burge-1979-Semantical-Paradox-With-Postscript.pdf​

• Dodd, Julian. 2022. “The Liar Paradox: A Case of Mistaken Truth Attribution.” Journal of Philosophical Logic 51(6): 1233–1263.PDF: https://philarchive.org/archive/DOOTLP-2​

• Olchowski, Jakub. 2025. “What Are the Categories of Approaches to the Liar Paradox?” Logic and Logical Philosophy (forthcoming).PDF: https://philarchive.org/archive/OLCHPS-3​

• Thomason, Richmond H. 1979. “Paradoxes and Semantic Representation.” In Discourse and Syntax, edited by Talmy Givón, 229–255. New York: Academic Press.PDF: http://web.eecs.umich.edu/~rthomaso/documents/old_papers/ParadoxesSemanticRepresentation.pdf​

• Thomas, David. 1962. “On the Liar’s Paradox.” SIL Work Papers 6: 83–90.PDF: https://commons.und.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1147&context=sil-work-papers​